theory of mimesis Plato and Aristotle

   Name – Dhiman Nisha A.

   Roll No  - 32

   Year - 2014-2016

   Paper -3

      Study – M.A

      SEM - 1

   Topic – theory of mimesis Plato and Aristotle

      Guided by  – Heenaba zala

   Submitted to – Department of  English

      University – Maharaja Krishna kumarsinghji Bhavnagar university

    

v  Introduction

      Aristotle was born in 384 Bc in stagirus. Aristotle is a critic or very famous poetic. He is Greek or philosophical, ethical or politic poet. Aristotle says that the ideal tragic hero be an intermediate kind of person. Aristotle, as writer of  the poetics, has had may a lusty some other critic. All the Aristotle concept of tragedy.    

Plato was a great poet, a mystic and philosopher. Plato is a soul of the tragedy. Plato was born around the year428 BCE in Athens. Plato’s birth name was Aristotle and gained the nick name Platon. It is a Greek literature or illustrated. Mimesis is a modern study of literature. Plato’s poetry divided by madness. They discussion of Aristotle and Plato. 

Ø  Definition of Aristotle…..

      Aristotle was a philosopher. Aristotle is a Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of  Alexander the great, and author of work on logic, metaphysic, ethic, natural, sciences, politic, and poetic, he profoundly influenced western though. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato’s metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of  rational inquiry. His work influenced Muslim philosophy and science medieval scholastic philosophy.

      Aristotle is Greek philosopher and scientific who wrote about virtually every area of knowledge, including most of the sciences. Throughout his life he life he made careful observation collected specimens, and summarized all the existing knowledge of the natural world. He pioneered the study of zoology, developing a classification system for all animal and making extensive taxonomic studies. His systemic approach later evolved into the basic scientific method in the western world

Ø  Definition of Plato

    Plato is a Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he presented his ideas through dramatic dialogues, in the most celebrated of which (The Republic) the interlocutors advocate a utopia society ruled by philosophers trained in platonic metaphysics. He taught and wrote he for much of his life at the academy, which he founded her Athens in 386.His influential theory of ideas, which makes a distinction between object of  ideas or forms of  which they are an expression, is formulated in such dialogues as phaedo, symposium.

    A disciple of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato founded the academy in Athens. An integral part of  his thought is the theory of ‘ideas’ of ‘forms’, in which abstract entities or universals are contrasted with their objects or particular in the material world. His philosophical writing are presented in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker; they include the symposium and the Timaeus. Plato’s political theories appear republic, in which he explored the nature and structure of a just society.

      Definition of  Mimesis…..

          Mimesis refer to imitation in particular. It may also refer to imitation or representation of the real world in art and literature or the deliberate. Imitation of the behavior of one group of people by another as a factor in social change. Mimesis is the imitation of  life in art and literature. You probably heart that life imitates art. Well, when art imitates life, it’s mimesis. Originally a Greek word, meaning ‘‘imitation’’, mimesis basically means a copy cat, or a mimic. Mimesis might be found in a play with a realistic setting or in a particular life like status. The word is also used in biology for a disease that show characteristic of another lines. You can remember the definition of mimesis by thinking about mime imitation on action.

Ø  What is meaning of poetry?

    Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience through meaning, sound, and  rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is an ancient from that has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define.

    Poetry is the chiseled marble of language; it’s a pain- spattered canvas- but the poet uses words  instead of paint, and the canvas is you. Poetic definition of poetry kind of spiral in on themselves, however, like a dog eating itself from the tail up. Let’s in fact, get gritty. I believe we can render an accessible definition of poetry by simple looking at its from and its purpose.

      Wordsworth said;  

                           ‘‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.’’

      Emily Dickinson said;

                                 ‘‘If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that is poetry.’’

Aristotle is a very great poetic or understanding writer.  There are philosopher poet or critic. In his observation on the nature and function of poetry . Poetry is a art and imaginative poets. Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were based on his belief. Greek believe that a tragedy or drama because high form of drama.

Aristotle is a different part of a Tragedy .Aristotle is writing in comedy but they are not successful.

v  Tragedy

·        Tragedy is a imitation of a life

·        Aristotle definition of tragedy is defense.

“A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself;  in appropriate and pleasurable language…in dramatic rather than the narrative form; with incident arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of this emotion.

                                                                                                -  By Aristotle

Let’s clarify the definition of the Aristotle’s……

* “The imitation of n action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself”

            This lines shows that a good tragedy should have one issue that is very serious. There are a sometime having tragedy a trivial or breaking a fingernail. Magnitude deals with the importance. The issue has to be serious and very important. So tragedies deal with sorrow or someone’s death. Complete in itself means that play must stick to the one issue, the audience will get lost in the plot.

* “In appropriate and pleasurable language

            In ancient time, chorus was used to narrate story of some parts of play, their role was to comment on the action of the play. Sometimes they sing a song. Language which is used by chorus should be rhyming and pleasurable to the audience. So the language should be appropriate and pleasurable. But comedy of a poetry are not successful poetry. They are a tragic end of the poetry.   

* “Wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of this emotion

v Catharsis
                 A purifying of the emotion s that is brought about in the audience of  tragic drama through the evocation of intense fear and pity.           

Means that during and after watching play audience has to feel catharsis, the audience has to successfully felt pity and fear.. A catharsis is a purging, or cleansing of emotion - a release of the tension, in a tragedy. They are a tragic feeling on the theory of catharsis. Aristotle is a delightful or permant value of catharsis. They are character of this way.

So, as per above clarification, we can analyze the definition of Tragedy and they have a discussion on the tragedy.

Aristotle’s six part of Tragedy

 (1)        Plot:-

(2)        Character:-

(3)        Thought:-

(4)        Diction:-

(5)        Melody:-

(6)        Spectacle:-

Let’s discuss all element of tragedy one by one. And discuss importance and role of them into tragedy.

                     

(1) Plot:-

Plot is soul of tragedy. It was the most important of six elements. The plot must be complete having unity of action. Aristotle said that plot must be structurally self contained, each action leading inevitably to the next with no outside intervention .Plot’s theory of a mimesis art and art is a truth. Plot is main subject of philosopher in her subject. There are a pleasure of the poetry.  

(i)                 Time

(ii)        Place

(ii)               Action

The episode or acts succeed one another without probable and necessary sequence.. Playwrights should make all scenes which depend on past accident. They have to exclude coincidence from their plot. Plot may be either simple or complex, although complex is better. Place, unity or action is the soul of the tragedy. They are a very simple or immorality of place.

(2) Character:-

Character is a good or epic of the way. Character is important element of tragedy. Character may be mouthpiece of writer. Every character may have their own contribution to develop plot and play, their quality or nature that is revealed in the plot. Aristotle is the tragic hero of the play. They are immoral or sophisticated of the way.   

-          

Character should have following qualities.

 “Good or fine”

 This quality shows morality of character. That whatever protagonist is, it shouldhave moral values. The character must be good and fine someway. He is

character are very good or simple of the way. 

“True to Type (Fitness of Character)”

There are a different character of the play or very particularly of the way.  This quality tells that character should be true type. That his body and physique would be suitable as per requirement of character.

e.g. – Valor is appropriate for a warrior bit nit for woman.

“True to Life (Realistic)”

 Life is a reality and truth to life. They have a philosophical of the play and realistic.  According to this quality character should be realistic. They have to avoid fancy matter in character. The character ha to o live in real life and near surroundings and it must have reality.

(3) Thought

 Though is a very different play of the way .Thought is meaning of powerful or imitated. There are a theme related of thought. It is also called ass theme of play. Theme of play is considered as thought. There is also useful theme in every play. Thought is the power of saying whatever can be said and should be said at each moment of the plot. 

(4) Diction:-

It is fourth and important elements of tragedy.

Diction means Composition of dialogue - Choice of word.

 Play is dialogues are very different or meaning fullness. Plato is dialogue are very ethic or very imitation. contains meaning the clarity with which somebody pronounce words of the meaning in the words which are proper and appropriate to the plot, character, and end of the tragedy. In this category artist discusses the stylistic elements of tragedy; is particularly interested in metaphors. They are very particular of the play.

(5) The Spectacles (Opsis):-

(6) Melody (song):-

Both elements are accessories. The ancient Greek writer or tragedy used melody songs sometimes. They used musical accompaniment. Aristotle said that the music has to blend in the play appropriately. Writer should include the musically expressive quality of something in the pay. Melody is a technical of drama.

 Aristotle is a emotional poet or very every represented of the of the poetry.

-          It is somebody or something that attracts attention by being unpleasant or ridicules.

-          Aristotle recognizes the emotional attraction of spectacle, he argues that superior poet rely on the inner structure of the play rather than spectacles to arouse pity and fear;

As per above discussion we can say that the element of Tragedy is useful to develop plot. It gives contribution to raise action off drama. Aristotle discuss part of a tragedy.   

Ø  Plato as philosopher

             He says that the real or notional word. Plot believe in idealism or reality. They are realistic of the philosopher. Plato is main subject of a philosopher. They dialogue is philosopher or real rule of the way. Plato theory is mimesis theory of imitation. They are very normal way or truth. Plato is a different point of view.

Plato’s objection of the three point of view. There are a view of a very different or simple poetic and discuss of the poetic of view.

Ø Objection from poetry point of view

Ø Objection from philosophical point of view

Ø Objection from the moral point of view

Ø  Objection from poetry point of view

·        This a point of a ‘The Republic’ book 2

·        My point is epic were part of  epic, morality of study.

·        Poetry is not cultivate or children on the poetic.

         

Ø  Objection from philosophical point of view

·        In ‘The Republic’ book.

·        He believe a realize of her reality.  

·        Plot says; The imitation or marker of the image knows nothing of true existence.

          

Ø  Objection from moral point of view

·        There are a point of a book ‘The Republic’

·        Poetry is a emotional but they are not epic.

·        Poet is a imagination or they are a art.

Conclusion

                    Plato is a great poet or philosopher. Aristotle is a natural poetry or very simple language. Aristotle in a six part of tragedy. There in a most important of the Plato. Poetry is imaginative or art. Plato is a soul of a tragedy. Aristotle begins his discourse by admitting that all  arts are imitation. Aristotle or Plato point are very different point of view. Aristotle is not expected of the Plato’s view. Aristotle is a six part of a tragedy in a point of view or Plato’s three objection from point of view. There are a most important of the philosopher point of view. Plato is a point of view a book in ‘The Republic’. Aristotle concept of a tragedy or drametist. Similarly, they can own thought, way of diction and spectacle.

  

   

Tom Jones as a satirst

Ø Name – Dhiman Nisha A.

Ø Roll No  - 32

Ø Year - 2014-2016

Ø Paper name - Neoclassical 

Ø Study – M.A

Ø SEM - 1

Ø Topic – Tom Jones as a satirist

Ø Guided by  – Heenaba zala

Ø Submitted to – Department of  English

Ø University – Maharaja Krishna kumarsinghji Bhavnagar university

   Introduction     

           Tom Jones written by Henry Fielding. He was born in England   22, 1707. He is a poet; playwright, journalist, and novelist produced a work in his literary. Henry fielding's is a satires of the novel. Tom Jones novel is a comic, epic or very lengthy. Henry is a name in his work of the novel. Henry uses satire to convince his idea.Most of the writer uses satire for his work.

                          

Work of Henry Fielding……

Ø  The Tragedy of Tragedies.

Ø  Tom Jones.

Ø  Amelia.

Ø   The Golden Rump.

     

Ø  The Letter Writer.                                             

v Definition of satire…..

    ‘‘Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts,

in Which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually means to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit as s weapon and as a tool  to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society’’.

    ‘‘As soon as a noon enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamors for extension; and  suture [Which had  had no verbal , adverbial, or adjectival forms] was immediately broadened  by appropriation from the Greek word for  ‘‘Satyr’’ and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English   ‘‘Satire’’ comes from the Latin suture; but ‘‘Satirize’’, ‘‘Satiric’’, etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4^th century AD the writer of satires came to be ‘‘known as satiric; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies ‘ a satirist in prose’. Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire; suture becomes satyr, and in England, by 16^th century, it was written ‘satire.’’

    ‘‘Alcan, Irony is a marked, often meaningful disparity between reality and what is presumed  to be reality. It can occur within or outside the context of ridicule, unlike satire. It’s also not necessarily s of a component of writing or art. Events in life that satisfy that definition are example of irony, which is not to be confused with ‘‘ coincidence.’’

    ‘‘In French literature Moliere wrote numerous satires one is the most famous is Tartuffe in which he attacked on religious hypocrisy roundly received condemnations from the church’’

     ‘‘Voltaire also loved  the satire. On his death bed he          said according to Christopher Hitchens when they said to him to convert to religion; ‘‘I sympathize afresh with the mighty Voltarie, who, when badgered on his deathbed and urged to renounce the devil, murmured that this was no time to be making enemies.’’

Ø Tom Jones as a Satirist of the novels….

      Tom is a protagonist of the novel. He is   a young man and command name of the novel. Tom Jones is a belonging to middle class family. Tom Jones; grows up to be a brave and handsome man. Tom Jones is a most important character of the novel. Tom Jones is rebellious young man. Tom is a anti-traditional man Tom Jones as a realistic novel. He is a unperfected novel because they are not successful man or they have not any idea or lower cast of the people. Tom character is most important and different language. He is a not good man.

              All of the plays are comedies and most of them have a satirical edge. Dramatist realized for their appeal on the literary, social and political satire they contained. However the nature of his satire began to change to concentrate on larger, once more fundamental problems concerning man and his relation society. He is no long satire concern in evil society. He switches the dramatist to novelist that has any satires of the play. Tom Jones fielding primarily use the two method of characterization; first all Action and second of the Authorial description. Tom Jones as a Squire Western man much given to enjoy your life.  Tom Jones book is a very  famous and story is a very different of the play. Tom Jones actions consistently indicate the impulsive nature of youth a carpe diem philosophy. Tom Jones as a comic, epic or prose. They play write a critical appreciation of tom Jones. They writing are very long and  simple novelist. In his novel there is a so many different type of satire. Satirists have utilized scatological and bathroom

  ‘‘  Religion, politics and sexuality, are the primary stuff of literary satire.’’

     Satire is a start of an 18^th century, like a tragedy or comedy. Tom is a traveling in the hero. Tom all of journey to travels and become to symbolic of experience of life itself. Tom journey to presented to maturation, and the movement from to the different experience. Writer is a satire of cast or society

because tom is a lower cast of the man. Society is a not expected of the hero of tom Jones. Satire is favorite way of demanding reform without being directly offensive. It is having a foolish man call a king tedious but allowing such a blunder because of his character on stage. The word satire come from the Latin word  satyr. Satire is another topic of the way and literature. News paper, television serial, and poem in her satire. Henry Fielding is a very beautiful and famous satirist. Tom Jones history of  foundling illegitimate her child. I compare Fielding’s; his narrative poetics with Dickens’s and  Beckett’s;  literary politics with Brecht’s. We can say that a word of Latin or Greek  

‘‘Satyr’’. Satire is a comedy, tragedy and roman in her satire.

              The activity of the particular play that triggered the licensing Act was The Golden Rump, but Fielding’s satire had set the tone. Once the licensing  act passed, political satire on the stage was virtually impossible, and playwrights whose work were staged were viewed as suspect. They satire are very esthetic or different topic of the satire. We can say a first political   1Act of  1737. Satire or Irony is paralleled to winter to they symbolize the ‘dark’ genre. It is a novel  are many kind of  writing  in a sophisticated.  Tom  Jones is a belonging to middle class family. They journey is a politic and social. Tom  society is does not expected a man because they are lower cast of the people. It is a struggler man and  they all life a suffering on a way. Writer is a satire of Tom’s journey. It is a journey are a not good  but they life a very enjoy. Tom is a no idea of a birth place.   

  

                                     It is a poor man, and they have a satire of a society. Society is a expected  but they are a not good . Tom Jones book is a satirist. The vices of the society are ridiculed by Henry Fielding wisely and also with out creating havoc, one by one evil customs of the society are satirized effectively and efficiently. Tom character are a satirist. They society are not good because upper class is a very important. There are a beautiful  topic in her satire.

                              It is a touring to political journalism fielding wroth the lead essays for periodicals. Tom journey is a social, political  and realism. In 1745 army was really sent northwards to combat the rebels. It in Tom who wanted to join the army. Again when Sophia was at an inn. She is mistaken for prince Charlie’s mistress. The above incidents give political scenario of Fielding’s age. Political  satire in prose and versa. Political  satire is a Sophia character. Sophia hate is a Blifil and Sophia suit. They are a very beautiful  satire of  a writing.  Tom journey is a very political and  different. Tom Jones ward of squire Allworthy, eventually revealed his nephew and the son of a long deceased parson’ son.

           Squire Western is a like of Tom. She is a very beautiful girl. There are upper class of the man. Tom’s girl friend is a squire and Tom love a real. There are a religious of a satire because Tom or Squire cast is a different. They are a satire movement of tom. She is a upper class people or Tom is a lower cast of a people. They are not important of a cast but love is a most important in her life. They explain of a writer Henry fielding. Religious, Political life is a different in her writing. Fielding mocks Richardson pious novel by making shame character a religious joke, a sham, whose mother is Methodist. Fielding also mentioned the  Jacobi rebellions in his novel. There are several political discourses in which Tom Jones insists that ‘‘a popish priest’’ was not to be believed  and that he would upload his protestant religion.

              

      ‘‘ I think no man can engage in a nobler cause than of his religious….’’

            Reverend  in Tom Jones is an obvious sadist who enjoy beating religion into young Tom in a bad light to Mr.Allworthy,  eager to make him hate him. Paradoxically, f prevents violence as almost a form of gentleness, whereas politeness may often disguise an underlying cruelty. Blifil in Tom Jones seems very gentle but is conniving.

   ‘‘ I am convinced , my child , that you have much goodness, generosity and honor in your temper; it you will add prudence and religion to these, you must be happy; for the three former qualities, I admit make you worthy of happiness, but they are latter only which will put you in possession of it.’’

             There are another topic or questions is a discussion  is a beautiful and have a discuss of a social satire. Tom Jones, a country boy, is discovered as a baby on the estate of Squire’s household as a son. Tom was a gregarious and fun-loving lad, and he managed to get into a number of scrapes. His inability to repel the advance of the opposite sex has something to do with his troubles, but Sophia is quickly quashed by Allworthy, who wants his daughter to marry well  in society . Tom Jones is also a satire on societal organization and the class system. The central character is lost with out a mother or father. Tom or His love are not expected in her society or Sophia is a no match because they are sex something time. Tom Jones all  play are satire. There society  is a human nature of play.  Tom character are a very  good satire of a play. There are a society related of a play because they most important of a society. Henry

Fielding  is very simple or unexpected of satire. 

Ø Plot as Irony; The Reader’s Role in Tom Jones….

                First of all a play start of a book 1. The plot of Tom Jones often find themselves in some embarrassment. They plot are a very good or very simple or esthetic. We can say had a book writing are very effected or concerned.  To become engrossed in what professor Kermode calls ‘‘ The Swiss precision of the plotting.’’ They have a main roll in a Tom Jones and  it is a lower cast of a to poor partridge, who, ironically enough, was condemned by Allworthy for the very same ‘‘ crime.’’ There ‘‘play are a plot of a sequence.’’ Writer is a beautiful satire of the play. It is a different sequence on the Tom’s book. He does respond negatively to the man of the Hill’s absolute condemnation of man. Plot is a definition by another word  but they meaning of only one. In this scene we must agree with Arnold Kettle ‘ That in Tom Jones there is too much plot.’

Fielding’s smooth stage managing of the action may well be thought to traveling of the book. Plot is a very important of the play and they are very simple. This indeed, is what Andrew Wright in effect concedes when he maintain that Fielding’s art is serious because it is play, ‘ a special kind of entertainment.’ They play are very different or main point is a plot are clear of a writer. His reading of the plot supports the view that Fielding’ art is serious because it is play, ‘special kind of entertainment.’ There  are a different act of the play. Tom Jones is a main character of the play. Tom love is a Sophia. He is a soul of beauty and he belong to rich family but tom is a lower cast of the man.

He has affair with many different girl but his one true love is Sophia. MR. Blifil  is a love Sophia but he is does not like Blifil. Sophia married is Blifil and they are not happy of  a married life because they love is Tom. And finally  Tom and Sophia and or moved to better hunting country. Tom or Sophia in his married  to the love. His reading of the plot supports the view that we should ‘ take Tom Jones on an ornamental level,’ that comedy depends on our feeling able to reshape life, and that the delight we take in this reading of Tom Jones  gives away too much. After all, any achieved work of art takes on the status of play. That the works  of  we recognize as ‘ playful’ are just those in which play parfaits its seriousness. There are a different using of the word. Tom is a irony man because they are main character of the play. Equally important, we are introduced  to the main techniques of Fielding’s complex and subtle style and are oriented to one of the book’s major pretentiousness and hypocrisy.

‘‘ In Satire, irony, is Militant’’

                 So, whist appreciating the ease with Fielding turns everything into delight, we have still to explain how can, as James thought, ‘somehow really enlarge, make everyone and everything important.’ We know that Fielding’s presence as narrator contributes to this impression. Can we say that the plot of the novel is a confirm it. Tom Jones novel plot is very simple in a discussion of the plot.

  

Ø Ingratitude in Tom James

                   

                   The culture of any historical period as victor turner points out, ‘‘ Is more like the debris, or ‘‘ Fall-out’, of past ideological  systems, than it is itself a system, a coherent whole.’’ Tom Jones a very beautiful or concept of the play. Tom Jones character are a not good nature. Society does not of Tom Jones. He is represents a powerfully dramatized  because they book are a normally is a satirist. Old period is a very hard or use of Indo language. However, ingratitude, rather than gratitude, predominates in the action of the novel. Tom play are seriously satire and culture of the play. Even more seriously, the motives and deed of the two unfailingly grateful men. Tom is a dramatizes the erosion of traditional ethical  sanctions by the other character. There are a Victorian age in the novel. Tom Jones a basically growing up to the novel. Tom is a 18^th century and effects of  courtesy, dues of gratitude but it was a ‘‘low of a nature.’’ Tom is a not good  but they love is a real  in her Sophia.

v Conclusion.

                     

                Thus, Tom Jones play is a very beautiful or modern roll of the character. There are a satirist of  play. This play a different satire of the topic. There play are satire of society, political, religious and plot of a irony. There are a different topic of  the play is a satire. Society does not expected of  lower cast of the people and not expected or love. Tom’s is a irony  of a man and there discuss of a tom journey. Play is a very simple or clear language. Tom  is a Victorian period of  the play and they play history of a very contemporary in writing. They satire is a dramatist or traditional writing in a book because traditional work of a good in a play. Tom character are a most important or long satire a play. He is a married of a Sophia and society is a change topic. Play end is a very beautiful or modern era society or religion.