Language awareness

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Name – Dhiman Nisha A.

 

Roll  No - 19

Year -  2014-2016

   Paper name – A English language teaching

Study – M.A

SEM - 3

Topic – Language awareness

    Guided by –  parth sir  

    

   Submitted to – Department of  English

  University – Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction

       Awareness of any language is very important part to talk or teach. Simply Vocabulary and grammar is a most important to learn any language and to learn any language meaning of word is a part of language learning. First language is any person learn is mother tongue and other language is the person communicate with person.

What is language awareness? 

‘‘Language awareness can be defined as explicit Knowledge about language and conscious persecution and sensitivity in language learning, teaching and language use’’ 

What is English language?

‘‘English is the primary language of several countries and a second language in a number of multilingual countries including India’’

What is First language?

‘‘A first language also native language, mother tongue, arterial language, or L1 is the language or are the language a person has learned from birth or within the critical period, or that a person speaks the best and so is often the basis for sociolinguistic identity.”

What is Second language?

‘‘A person’s second language or L2 is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but that is used in the locale of that person”.

Different between First language and second language

First language	Second language
First language is an English language.	Second language is a foreign language.
L1 is a few exception and they will be full successful.	L2 learner success is not grated.
L1 is an inevitable and all people are few exception.	L2 is not inevitable because fossilized or ungrammatical items.
This language learns have many changes and practice with native speakers.	Languages have not opportunity to practice with native speakers.
L1 is a new learner and native proficiency.	L2 is a old learner and they access the universal grammar and native speaker

Language Awareness, 1990, 1. In Van Lier 1996, I refer to the 1930 in the Netherland, nothing distinctions made at the time between “Language understanding”, “Language feeling”, and “Language insight”. In India or in other countries where English in the second language [L2] is learn only in study. The basis of to learner English language, grammar, vocabulary, tense, US is a country where English is first language education of college student, has been conducted the study of texts examining language from a variety of perspectives, including uses. Language awareness movement which started in the US in the, 1970s, led by Kenneth and Yetta Goodman. Current interest in language stems largely from Three sources.

·      A Paractical

·      Psycholinguistic

·      A critical

Important of language awareness

Founding father of LA, who searched hard for ways to bridge the gap between mother tongue and foreign language education. Related articles language awareness important.

      Awareness of language is very important to communicate, without communication there is no life. All languages are different, example states; countries all have their own languages to communicate but each country have their own national language. Person must have to aware of their countries national language. National language is use to communicate with all states person of their country.

               In one country’s people wants to communicate with another countries people the language is use the international language is Britisher’s language. English language is   international language. In India English is the subject of study. For learn English there is a special courses.

The language awareness movement in UK

       1980s in the UK followed a period of intense debate about the role of language in education. In 1982 the NATIONAL COUNCIL ON LANGU AGE IN EDUCATION [NCLE] setup a language awareness working party, which formulated the definition mentioned in the introduction. A number of publications have established language awareness as an active area in education linguistic. Some of these publications are discussed in the next section, but it is worth mentioning the pioneering work of Eric Hawkins [1987a, 1987a]. Hawkins also produced a series a booklet for secondary school students. Another major initiative was the LANGUAGE IN THE NATIONAL CURRICULAM [LINC] project directed by Professor Ronald carter, which produced materials for teacher education and was commissioned by the British government, not sufficiently addressing basic grammar and correctness.

           

English as a second language

       A person who grew up with a particular language as their mother tongue. English as a foreign language all refers to the use or study of English by speakers with different native language. Generally English language learners are refuges, immigrants or their children. They must learn English as a second language. They could have been taught English in school. Those whose native language are drastically different from English may find it especially difficult to learn the sounds and grammar of English, while others whose native   are more similar may have less trouble. But these students also face difficulties unrelated to learning the language itself. ELL students face additional barriers to pursing higher education. ELL students who arrive in the United States relatively late may find it difficult to meet this requirement because they must spent a longer time in ESL high school.

Discussion

    As we Know English is a second language means international language. To learn this language students have to join classic or some only learn in school. To learn English language vocabulary, tense, grammar is a most. Tense is the most difficult to learn or understand for student. If anybody use to learn English vocabulary is very important. Collective of vocabulary is in our mind help to understory and the language or meaning or the sentence. Language is not easy to learn practical Knowledge is most important. When the people using to communicate practically and the make mistake to speak and they solve that mistake its make perfect to learn English. Whom have their first language is English for them to learn English is not big issue but for Indian it is a big bid issue. In some countries hasn’t any proper guidance to learn this language. In some any aria there is no teacher to give proper guidance so how student learn English or second language.

Critical perspective on language and Discourse

What is language?

“The method of human communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structure and conventional way.”

What is Discourse?

“The system of thoughts composed of ideas, attitude, and courses of action, beliefs and practice they systematically construct the subject and the words of which they speak.”

            The purpose of critical language awareness is to present the view that language use is part of a wider social struggles and that language education has the opportunity to raise learners’ awareness of this [1997:220] Garrett and James report a number of classroom based studies illustrating diverse aspect of language awareness. They discuss the research agenda five interdependent domains;

·       Effective

·       Social

·       Power

·       Cognitive

·       Performance 

How do we build awareness in the SL CLASSROOM?

         On the other hand, classroom based studies such as Brooks  [1997] and Doughty and Varela [1998] suggest that learners in their collaborative work, teacher in subject matter, successfully language [1996-1997].

          Student can learn concept in the SL though an examination of their own language’s structure and use similarities or different them. EX- Word can be compared student ‘see’ and ‘hear’ the different. Another aspect of building language awareness involves integrating learned in other classes to SL learning and classroom applying it to other courses.

         In critical language awareness and discourse analysis, as in other areas of language awareness, there is much theoretical and some practical work. Janks says, “so far what we have are largely descriptive accounts, journal studies, interviews”. In linguistic, critical language awareness often referred to as CLA, refers to an understanding of social, political and ideological aspect of language, linguistic variation and discourse. Who do not use “appropriate language?”

           Next is cognitive research one can point to the area of metacognitive strategies and autonomy, does not specifically address the issue of language. The interested teacher or teacher education can use published examples as ideas for the development of specific classes and contexts. Series of booklets by Hawkins, Janks both are contain ideas, activity and different between a ‘straight’ and a ‘critical’ context and form is very important in language awareness. Main goal of language teacher is to provide student with the tools to be effective communicators in the teaching language.

  

Language awareness operates on three distinctive levels:

The Cognitive Level,  Referring to awareness of language pattern.

The affective Level,  With regarded to forming attitudes.

The Social Level, Which improvement of learner effectiveness, rising, facilitates          language.

         Awareness activities to initiate the process of awareness raising among trainee teachers and serving teachers. In the activities there are the four elements.

·       Data sources

·       Tasks

·       Processes

·       Modes    

                     Discourse study of the ways in which language is used in text and context. Studies of language indecently of the tools used discourse are linguistic tools dox such as modality transitivity and nominlisation. Other researches have also made use of compos linguistics in their work, and ‘Scientific’ basis to discourse study. It also part of one type of communicative competence. It is generally the ability to understand and express oneself in a given language. Discourse can be defined three points.    

                                                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Conclusion

         This chapter is variety of approaches and opinions within language awareness are strength rather than a weakness, different options, methods and directions. New or more “accurate” words to describe new discoveries, understandings, or a “natural” product of common sense usage or progress.

Orientalism: Edward Said

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Name – Dhiman Nisha A.

 

   Roll No – 19

Year - 2014-2016

Paper name – Post colonial literature 

Study – M.A

SEM - 3

Topic – Orientalism Edward said analysis 

           Guided by-Dr. dilip barad

    

  Submitted to – Department of English Maharaja Krishnakumar sinhji Bhavnagar University

 

About Author

         Edward Said was a born 1 November 1935 and died 25 Sep 2003. He was a Palestinian American literary theorist and famous critic theorist in Post colonial literature. He was professor in English literature. Book ‘‘Orientalism’’ was published in 1997. Edward was cultural critic and author. Influenced by the imperialism and colonialism of the 19th century.  Western people became interested in the natives and the cultures of Western colonies. Orientalism is all about imaginative or problem of society, political, religion and that is a material age of Orientlism. Edward said generally means to Orientalism are mental exercise and mental archival. If they can have most important of the ‘‘Orient’’ or ‘‘Occident’’ it’s connected with east or west part of the world. Edward said challenged the concept of Orientalism or different are East or West.

      What is post colonialism?

 

What is Orientalism?

Edward said about Orientalism

“The scoop of Orientalism”

`                 The term “Orientalism” derived from Latin word east. Orientalism is irrational, power of structure, it is more important of the view. There are most important theme White man burden. It’s linguistic of the way. Edward Said is challenged the European or American people thinking, political issue or Orientalism. Two theme followed by Knowledge and power. Here is a very difficult task of the Arabic or European people but they have all about structure are important aspect of the Way. Culture, power, political, intellectual it’s dominated strategy. Orientalism divided in two part of “Ours” and “Their” are consequence of the way. Orientalism culture studies are east or west is connected with “Orient” or “Occident”. Orient is Middle East specialists.

 What is Orient?

 

         

What is Occident?

 

Different between “Orient” and “Occident”

            The opposite term “Orient” means “East” or “Occident” means “West”. It is a literary and formal word for Western. There are relation between power and domination. Orient mean west or they discuss in English authority of western world. It is an antonym of Occidental. It is an antonym of Oriental. “Orient” or “occident” it’s sector creation. 

                   Orient politically, structure, imperialism different between “The East is East or West is West.”  We can say that the orient is stereotypes and sophisticated abstractions. Differentiation creates problems especially political and other problem are white man or Muslim people. Orientalism expresses the culture, ideology, economically its stereotype of the style and imagination. Here comes ‘Hegemony’, that means we have to be exceptional and if we do not then we becomes hegemonic. 

                            Edward Said argument

Orientalism is and does not simply represent a considerable dimension of modern, Political, intellectual culture and such had less to do with the orient than it does with “our” world. The Orientalism divided the part by Civil- Uncivil, East-West, Occident-Orient, White, Muslim, Our- there are discuss of the European culture.

     Edward Said

      “My Orientalism is Middle East or Islam”    

Orientalist structure and Restructure

              Second chapter of Structure or Restructure are Points the slight change in the attitude of the Europeans towards the Orientals. Artists as well as scholars were already described as "Orientalists" in the 19th century, especially in France.  European people views are different, the Oriental presented them color of Orientalist and other is perception. The structure of orient is nothing more than a structure of lies or the myths which, were the truth about them to be told, would simply blow away. History, method, political and academic is a more important of the oriental. Qualification is that ideas, culture, and histories cannot seriously be understood. Human make history, human make their agency it your life.   

           “Men make their own history”

     The Anglo-French-American experience of the Arab and Islam it is the intellectual authority of the Oriental or west culture.  Western said- it was their duty to civilize people or order to achieve their goal and they had to colonize and rule the orients. European is relationship with power and institution. Immediately upon doing that an India, Japan, china and other sections of regions were not important because one could discuss Europe's experience of the Near Orient. Orientalism is not just idea or valuable because it material and they are connected with power. Anglo-French and American orientalism was a kind of intellectual authority within the western culture. Silvestre de saucy and Ernest Renan worker are Orientalism a new dimension. Saucy thing is very different or they information are useful for or the prejudice that was inherited orientalism. Renan was works important are science, philosopher and idea of orientalism.   

 Edward said:

             “Structure or Restructure for studying authority here are what can be called strategic location and describing the authors position and strategic after culture at large”.

 Orientalism Now     

          The last chapter of orientalism is changing the politician in 20^th century. Early orientalism didn’t traditional and interacted, And new orients lived with them as if they were one of them. The interchange between the academic and the more or less imaginative meaning of orientalism is a constant one.   There appreciated life style, new trend, language or culture but they have other followed by role. Previous or future of orientalism was that culture/religion of orientalism. Thus, Islam was called mohammadism and Christ was called Christianity. Domination has been so powerful. Islamic orient has had to be center of attention.

        Islamic oriental did not enjoy this time because Islamic as a week religion, different rule or they have not expected the new generation. Gibb or Massignon was the most famous Islamic oriental of this time. After World War 1 the centre of oriental’s changed from Europe to USA. End of World War 2, all the Europeans colonies were lost and it was believed that there no more “Orientals” and “Occidents” they not really.

 Edward’s Quotes

     

  Conclusion

              Edward said that Orientalisms are knowledge or power restrict. There are power dominant structures or constricting of the way.  It is not political subject matter. He shows the European-Western Imperial power along with the confused feelings of the Oriental countries towards the Western power. Orientalism is all about geography, intellectualism, history and politically corporate of the way.